Between 2009 and 2018, the estimated median capitalized research and development cost per product was $985 million, counting expenditures on failed trials.


Sources
- Crossing-over-the-Valley-of-Death-The-distinct-stages-of-drug-development
- JAMA
- Google Spreadsheet of FDA Spending vs Life-Expectancy
- Summary of NDA Approvals & Receipts, 1938 to the present
- Theory, Evidence and Examples of FDA Harm
- DATA
- GDP
- Reform, Regulation, and Pharmaceuticals — The Kefauver–Harris Amendments at 50
- Consumer Price Index
- Estimates of World GDP, One Million B.C. – Present
- Newspaper Generator
- Report suggests drug-approval rate now just 1-in-10
- How many people die and how many are born each year?
- Gross World Product per capita
- History of Clinical Trials
- How many life-years have new drugs saved?
- CATO
- Medical Innovation
- Timeline History of Clinical Research